Hvdc Transmission Pdf Free Download
| Cross-Channel Interconnexion France Angleterre | |
|---|---|
 Sellindge Converter Station on the UK side of the interconnector | |
| Location | |
| Country | France, United Kingdom |
| General direction | south-north |
| From | Bonningues-lès-Calais, France |
| Passes through | English Channel |
| To | Sellindge, United Kingdom |
| Ownership information | |
| Partners | National Grid plc Réseau de Transport d'Électricité |
| Construction information | |
| Manufacturer of conductor/cable | Alstom |
| Manufacturer of substations | ASEA (160MW scheme); Alstom (2,000MW scheme) |
| Construction started | 1985 (2,000MW scheme) |
| Commissioned | 1986 (2,000MW scheme) |
| Technical information | |
| Type | submarine cable |
| Type of current | HVDC |
| Total length | 73 km (45 mi) |
| Power rating | 2,000MW |
| AC voltage | 400kV |
| DC voltage | ±270kV |
| No. of poles | 4 (2 bipoles) |
The HVDC Cross-Channel (French: Interconnexion France Angleterre ) is the name given to two different high-voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnectors that operate or have operated under the English Channel between the continental European and British electricity grids. The cable is also known as IFA,[1] [2] and should not be confused with IFA-2, another interconnect with France.
The first cross-Channel link was a 160MW link completed in 1961 and decommissioned in 1984, while the second was a 2,000MW link completed in 1986.
The current 2,000MW link, like the original link, is bi-directional and France and Great Britain can import/export depending upon market demands.
A fire in September 2021 caused the link to be removed from service. National Grid announced that half of its capacity would be restored on 20 October 2021, with full capacity being restored by October 2023.[3]
160 MW system (1961) [edit]
The first HVDC Cross-Channel scheme was built by ASEA and went into service in 1961,[4] between converter stations at Lydd in England (next to Dungeness Nuclear Power Station) and Echinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, in France. This scheme was equipped with mercury-arc valves, each having four anodes in parallel.[5]
In order to keep the disturbances of the magnetic compasses of passing ships as small as possible, a bipolar cable was used. The cable had a length of 65 km (40 miles) and was operated symmetrically at a voltage of ±100kV and a maximum current of 800amperes. The maximum transmission power of this cable was 160megawatts (MW). The cable was built by ABB Group.[6] Given that the cable was laid on the surface of the seabed it was prone to being fouled by fishing nets, causing damage. Whilst repairs were undertaken there was considerable down time on the circuit resulting in a loss of trading. Indeed, by 1984 the circuit was disconnected from the Main Transmission System.
2,000 MW system (1986) [edit]
Because the first installation did not meet increasing requirements, it was replaced in 1975–1986 by a new HVDC system with a maximum transmission rating of 2,000MW between France and Great Britain, for which two new converter stations were built in Sellindge, between Ashford and Folkestone in Kent (UK) and in Bonningues-lès-Calais (Les Mandarins station), near Calais, (France). Unlike most HVDC schemes, where the two converter stations are built by the same manufacturer, the two converter stations of the 2,000MW scheme were built by different manufacturers (although both have subsequently become part of the same parent company, Alstom). The Sellindge converter station was built by GEC[7] and the Les Mandarins converter station was built by CGE Alstom.
This HVDC-link is 73 km (45 miles) long in route, with 70 km (43 miles) between the two ends. The undersea section consists of eight 46 km (29 miles) long 270kV submarine cables, laid between Folkestone (UK) and Sangatte (France), arranged as two fully independent 1,000MW Bipoles, each operated at a DC voltage of ±270kV. Cables are laid in pairs in four trenches so that the magnetic fields generated by the two conductors are largely cancelled. The landside parts of the link consist of 8cables with lengths of 18.5 km (11.5 miles) in England, and 6.35 km (3.95 miles) in France.[8]
In common with the 1961 scheme, there is no provision to permit neutral current to flow through the sea. Although each station includes an earth electrode, this is used only to provide a neutral reference, and only one of the two electrodes is connected at a given time so that there can be no current flow between them.
The system was built with solid-state semiconductor thyristor valves from the outset. Initially these were air-cooled and used analogue control systems, and in 2011 and 2012 respectively, the thyristor valves of Bipole 1 and Bipole 2 were replaced by modern water-cooled thyristor valves and digital control systems supplied by Alstom.[9]
This system remains the world's largest-capacity submarine cable HVDC system.[10]
In November 2016, during Storm Angus, a ship dragging an anchor cut four of the eight cable components, reducing capacity by 50%.[11] Repairs were completed by the end of February 2017. The equipment occasionally faults, causing capacity to drop: in a bad year, this might happen several times. To maintain grid frequency and power, the National Grid has a variety of frequency response assets, of which market batteries are the first to respond.[12]
In September 2021, a major fire at the Sellindge converter station led to the shutdown of the link.[13] [14] National Grid initially announced that half of the link capacity would be restored within a fortnight, with full capacity being restored in March 2022. The shutdown came at a time of high prices and supply shortage in the UK electricity market, caused by low wind speeds and high prices for natural gas.[15] [16] On 15 October 2021, National Grid announced that half of the link capacity would be restored within the next few days, that 75% capacity would be available between October 2022 and May 2023, and that they hoped to restore full capacity by October 2023.[3]
Significance [edit]
Since the commissioning of the 2,000MW DC link in the 1980s, the bulk of power flow through the link has been from France to Britain. However, France imports energy as needed during the winter to meet demand, or when there is low availability of nuclear or hydroelectric power.
As of 2005[update], imports of electricity from France have historically accounted for about 5% of electricity available in the UK. Imports through the interconnector have generally been around the highest possible level, given the capacity of the link. In 2006, 97.5% of the energy transfers were made from France to UK, supplying the equivalent of 3million English homes. The link availability is around 98%, which is among the best rates in the world. The continued size and duration of this flow is open to some doubt, given the growth in demand in continental Europe for clean electricity, and increasing electricity demand within France.[17]
Sites [edit]
| Map this section's coordinates using: OpenStreetMap |
| Download coordinates as: KML |
| Site | Coordinates |
|---|---|
| Echingen converter station (out of service) | 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″E / 50.69667°N 1.63917°E / 50.69667; 1.63917 (Cross-Channel ( old) - Echingen Converter Station) |
| Lydd converter station (out of service) | 50°54′54″N 0°56′50″E / 50.91500°N 0.94722°E / 50.91500; 0.94722 (Cross-Channel ( old) - Lydd Converter Station) |
| Les Mandarins converter station | 50°54′11″N 1°47′5″E / 50.90306°N 1.78472°E / 50.90306; 1.78472 (Cross-Channel ( new) - Les Mandarins Converter Station) |
| Sellindge converter station | 51°6′21″N 0°58′32″E / 51.10583°N 0.97556°E / 51.10583; 0.97556 (Cross-Channel ( new) - Sellindge Converter Station) |
See also [edit]
- IFA-2, 1,000 MW between the UK and France
- ElecLink, 1,000 MW link under construction between the UK and France through the Channel Tunnel
- BritNed, 1,000 MW between UK and Netherlands
- Nemo Link, 1,000 MW between UK and Belgium
- List of HVDC projects in Europe
References [edit]
- ^ https://ifa1interconnector.com/ifa/
- ^ https://www.nationalgrid.com/our-businesses/national-grid-ventures/interconnectors-connecting-cleaner-future/interconnector-customer-portal
- ^ a b Ambrose, Jillian (15 October 2021). "Kent's burnt-out electricity cable will take two more years to get back to full service". The Guardian . Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ Compendium of HVDC schemes, CIGRÉ, Compendium of all HVDC projects. [ dead link ]
- ^ Cory, B.J., Adamson, C., Ainsworth, J.D., Freris, L.L., Funke, B., Harris, L.A., Sykes, J.H.M., High-voltage direct current converters and systems, Macdonald & Co. (publishers) Ltd, 1965, p175–218.
- ^ "60 years of HVDC" (PDF). ABB Group. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ Rowe, B.A., Goodrich, F.G., Herbert, I.R., Commissioning the Cross Channel h.v.d.c. link, GEC Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1987.
- ^ Compendium of HVDC schemes, CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 003, 1987, pp194–199.
- ^ "Anglo – French HVDC Link" (PDF). Areva. 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2010-02-28 . [ permanent dead link ]
- ^ "HVDC Submarine Power Cables in the World" (PDF). Joint Research Centre. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ "How a Loose Anchor Cut Up Britain's Power Link With France". Bloomberg. 2 December 2016.
- ^ Stoker, Liam (5 June 2019). "Batteries act as first responders when UK-France interconnector trips". Energy Storage News.
- ^ "National Grid site fire shuts down power cable between France and UK". BBC News. 15 September 2021.
- ^ Ambrose, Jillian (15 September 2021). "Fire shuts one of UK's most important power cables in midst of supply crunch". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Fire-damaged power link will be out for six months, says National Grid". Sky News. 16 September 2021.
- ^ "The UK's Energy Price Surge Could be Just Getting Started". Pound Sterling Live.
- ^ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/tna/+/http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file11257.pdf/
External links [edit]
- "System Data". National Grid. live metrics
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel
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